Theoretical Approaches to Learning Art

Theoretical approaches to learning Art "Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows. "Picasso As educational leaders, it is our duty to improve the learning theories that we learn throughout our educational experience for our children to Picasso, it had to keep his imagination and the artists will continue for the rest of their lives. Art is "the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments or experiences to share with others," according to the Britannica Online. In the broadest sense, art is a question that has remained closest to the old Latin meaning, which translates roughly to "competition" or "craft", and an Indo-European root meaning "arrangement" or "hold." The aim of this paper is to explore the applications of eight to ten hours of theory and used to teach arts education, explaining how the information generated in the matrix, can be transferred and applied to the program of arts education, while that the evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of each theory in art. Theory in the 21st century, the educational system of the United States of America is in the process of change, which is the merging and integration of new programs, theories and programs in the system. All programs that were created focused on minority students, women, and students who have demonstrated one way or another at risk of not having the necessary conditions for success in this system. However, the techniques necessary for teachers to interact with students is also changing the script to write, books to computers, white boards of education to work together as a team. Educational philosopher John Dewey suggested that Americans face a choice between teaching in terms of society and society in terms of education. . . . Democracy requires that the last request that people develop the ability to interpret, understand and analyze knowledge, and effectively communicate information, ideas and concepts. (Romanowski, 2006, 9A), however, theories are not permanent. To change because of our needs, culture, practices and beliefs, or explanations of what the truth and purpose of education (p. 4). May this be the beginning of theory and Lecompte (1999) is the "how to organize and explain the world we live" (p. 3). Throughout history, our social and cultural beliefs are affecting the education system with a range of social theories that include but are not limited to functionalism, Marxism, Interpretivism and post-modernism, which have also influenced the art. Geertz (1998) asserts that "the major approaches to the presentation of" multiple voices "of all participants - especially those less powerful than the women, members of minority groups, and students" (Start, Lecompte , 1999, p. 38). In other words, art education, science education, mathematics and general knowledge are important for all people, regardless of gender, age, ethnicity or social status. Learning theories used today in schools is not confined to social learning theory, behaviorism, cognitive dissonance, contiguity theory, cooperative learning, Gardner, Piaget, situated learning, Skinner, Vygotsky, Weiner, and Constructivism, among others. The interpretation of the theory of interpretation of the theory suggests that school planning requires a systematic plan to predetermined goals or standards such as the NCLB Act of 2001, according to written policies and procedures, the hierarchy of authority, fairness in treatment of students, recruitment, promotion and characterized on the basis of the formal credentials of teachers. The role of our schools is to give students the tools they need in the future could be making money with technology and able to teach others what they need for future to make it available to every student, teacher, and staff . This student believes that the U.S. education system is trying to establish an education system with the Bush ideal application of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Under this law, all children of all racial, economic and demographic group in all public schools in the country must improve their test scores in math and science tests. According to King-Sears (2005), the term "highly qualified" for those who have been certified and highly effective in teaching "(p. 187), but today, according to the guidelines of NCLB have a high degree teaching qualified, fully certified, and prove they know the content they teach "(p. 187), taking the content of specialized examinations. Teachers must be able to help children connect their learning to their own experiences and provide opportunities for college students manage and use resources to maximize growth. Art education is a tool used by teachers in each content area to help students connect the content learned to their own personal experiences. Change Theories As Shapiro (2005), a theory of change refers to "the process by which change is the result of an action plan and strategies. "These theories explore the reasoning that led the leaders in its inferences about how changes occur. Most theories of change requires "back-mapping or to identify the results of a program. According to Shapiro (2005), theories of change are both explicit and implicit, and most include the framework to solve specific problems within his speech, but identify the processes through which change occurs to describe the strategies principles and specific methods to define the intervention in the short and long term effects Trait theory trait theory states that people are born with a set of characteristics inherited from a person who provides enough of the combination of traits that are adapted to life, these traits can also be measured by a person's ability to carry out a series of tasks or skills to be effective. This theory of origin in the nineteenth century, when Gregory Mendel discovered genes and heritage has played an important role in the characteristics and traits of the organism has. Over the years, researchers have concentrated on trying to discover the characteristics of a particular task. In our case, many researchers have focused on identifying traits or skills necessary to succeed in this field. In 1950, Myers and Briggs, a mother and daughter team, created a test that could identify sixteen inherited traits that are considered simply answer a series of questions can be found at http: / / cbae. NMSU. edu / ~ dboje/teaching/490_ps1/step_1. htm. In 1974, Stogdill has written a manual that can identify a set of traits and skills of a good artist, such as creativity, diplomacy (this person can be in touch with the rest), intelligent, persuasive, responsible, conceptual level, competent, organized, and fluent speaker. Many other features were added to the theory that the model and the organization manages. While other researchers such as Machiavelli, McGregor, McClelland, Katz, Yükle, Flanagan, Bennis, Boje and to further study and create models based on more heritable characteristics. While new scientific discoveries about the genes, the characteristics, psychology, domination and the chromosome created more questions about the theories of the trait. Some issues of this learning are: 1) Is it an artistic dominant or recessive traits. 2) The scientists were able to identify a gene of creativity? 3) Can a person with heterozygous genes may acquire and develop the characteristics or skills they possess, whether their genes homozygotes where? 4) Can we identify the artists with a simple test? Multiple Intelligence Theory of Dr. Howard Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences in 1983, suggesting that the traditional notion of intelligence based on IQ tests is limited, proposes eight intelligences to the base of a range broad human potential in children and adults. Dr. Gardner (1993) considers that this is very logical and articulate people in our culture and we must place equal attention on the people who have gifts in other intelligences, such as artists, architects, musicians, naturalists, designers, dancers, therapists, entrepreneurs and others who enrich our society. Our society, unfortunately, does not improve the children who have these gifts and labels like "learning", "ADD (attention deficit disorder," or call underachievers. Dr. Gardner (2000) suggests that teachers should " be able to present their experiences in a variety of ways using music, cooperative learning, art activities, role play, multimedia, field trips, a think tank, and much more "According to Armstrong (1994) The good news is that the theory of multiple intelligences has grabbed the attention of many educators throughout the country and hundreds of schools currently using the philosophy of rethinking the way it educates children. The bad news is there are still thousands of schools that teach in the same old boring way, through dry lectures and boring work and textbooks. The challenge is getting this information to a greater number of teachers, school administrators and others working with children, so that every child has the opportunity to learn in harmony with its spirit. Cognitive Development Theory Based on his long life of inquiry, Piaget believes that "students should not be regarded as empty vessels to be filled by the teachers, but active participants in constructing their own knowledge "(Nagarjuna, 2006). According to Murray (2007), Piaget concluded that" schools should focus on the cooperation of the decision and solve problems, promote ask the moral development of students to work on common standards on the basis of equity "(p. 2). Although explanations offered today may be wrong, according to the latest research and adult sensibilities, but" the fact that children provide explanations for these things shows that are actively working to understand the world around them that "they" (Nagarjuna, 2006). Jean Piaget considers intelligence as a process that helps the body to adapt to their environment and proposed four major periods of cognitive development. The four stages of development described in the theory of Piaget are (1) sensory-motor stage, (2) preoperational stage (3) Concrete operational stage, and (4) phase implementation. Each cognitive structure in Piaget's theory is defined by a series of features, and roughly corresponds to age. These time periods are not rigid rules, to determine the alignment of the stage in a sequence starting from birth to age 2 years of the definition of the sensory-motor stage, where the experience of children in the world through movement and senses and learn object permanence. The pre-operational stage, ages 2 to 7 years old and the child is an acquisition of motor skills. In the case of the operational phase 7 to 11 years, children begin to think logically about concrete events in their environment. In the operational phase begins after the age of 11 years and when the child develops abstract reasoning world around them. Vygotsky Vygotsky's theory of cognitive theory is an attempt to explain consciousness as the end product of socialization which emphasizes that the mind of children is determined the historical and social context in which they live and in their interactions with adults, explaining why teachers can not be replaced by technology, no matter what progress we receive. His theories of social development play a key role in the development of cognition. Vygotsky (1978) states: Any role in the child's cultural development appears twice: first, the social and, later, at the individual level, first between people (interpsychological) then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logic, memory and concept formation. All functions of the higher level of reality of relations between individuals (p. 57). Vygostsky theory of art developed a global dynamic of (1) the intentions of the author, period, and the bottom (2) the form, content, and the symbolism of the literary work, and (3) readers experiences and interpretation of the play "(Lindqvist, 2003). Vygostsky does not consider art as something spiritual and metaphysical, which lays the genius of artists over the form and content of the work being created. In contrast, saw art as a reflection of society affects people's lives and how society developed. Art is an excellent tool to study not only society, but the emotions and psychology. According to Lindqvist (2003), "Vygostsky considers the psychology of art as a social theory of the techniques of emotion. His analysis reflects the artistic process. "Taoism The Tao is a universal principle that covers everything from the creation of galaxies, how they interact with humans and world, showing the path to be followed. The Tao is composed of 81 verses that are broad and go beyond all human logic. This collection of 81 short verses has survived more than twenty-five centuries and their content tells us many things. The author of the Tao, Lao Tzu was a royal library, which was requested by the emperor to write all his skills before leaving the kingdom to ask China (Windridge, 1999, p. 60). According to Manson, Taoism not be described as a religion or philosophy, as the first stage of the interpretation of the Tao must not be guided by the labels. The Tao is the largest of all the knowledge that are external and internal, eternal and forever it seems common. The Tao is infinity and the final round, which begins and ends at the same time. To understand the Tao, in the fullness that you need 100 to 200 deaths each year and that could "reach the beginning of a piece, what would be the spiral achieved all the objectives of the spirit, mind, psychology and evolution in human thought. This can be seen in the translation of Lao Tzu Wu: Tao Ching verse 7: Heaven lasts long, and remains on earth. What is the secret of his longevity? This is not because they do not live for themselves. that you can live a long time? For Therefore, the Sage of being left behind, but is leading the others, considers himself, but it is safe. Is it not because it is altruistic autonomy is achieved (p. 15) On the website http://www. thetao. info / tao / taoleader. htm shows how the different verses of the Tao have been practice in leadership, life and education for example, verse 17, "The highest form of legislation is one of the people whose existence is barely known. Then comes the love and praise. Then comes the fear. Then comes the one who despise and challenge "(Wu, 2005, p. 35). However, a book written long ago gives us an idea on how to be leaders in the changing world of the 21st century . According to Astin and, Astin (2000), the Tao has no beginning or end, but evolves with time, which determines their expressions, because one time, a social group, or a particular task. Learning in Taoism is always oriented to a greater call for a vision, a goal or task, a problem that awaits a solution that leads to civilization, a group or society to achieve peace, unity and common purpose between all its members, perfect for use in a classroom, art classes, and for life. The Theory of theoretical development is an extension of the work already done by Ausubel ahead of the organizers and the spiral Bruner program. According to Reigeluth (1992), the theory states that education should be organized in increasing order of complexity for optimal learning. Teaching should be the lesson is simple and is becoming increasingly difficult to teach that all tasks and objectives are to respond. Reigeluth (1992) suggests that the lesson begins with a summary of the previous class and the end of the class with a summary of the day's class. The theory of the development strategy includes seven main components: (1) a sequence of development, (2) the sequences of learning condition (3), synthesis (4) synthesis (5) analogies, (6) cognitive strategies, and (7) student control. Elaboration theory applies to the conception of education for the cognitive domain. Application of section A professor of education is a person who takes the hand opens your mind, and touches your heart. Anonymous Every theory helps teachers prepare a lesson well-developed which includes various sizes and styles of learning. These may include all students in the classroom while the instructor of the various tools to improve programs for art education in our school systems. Those who educate children and are more honest that parents, for these only gave life, those the art of living well. Aristóteles educators today need tools, skills and abilities to reach students in schools. The theory of multiple intelligence theory educators to help classify the students in the classroom. Teorías cognitive interpretative theory, the development of theories and help teachers to map student learning process from simple to complex, not only in the classroom, but throughout life . Martin Luther King Jr. (1948), "The role of education, therefore, is to teach to think intensively and to think critically. But education which stops with efficiency may be the greatest threat to society. more May dangerous criminal, a man of reason, but with no morals. "In other words, education is the direct consequence of the accumulated knowledge of a person who knows that it is ignorant. However, according to Zuk and Dalton (1999), "The main goal of education is not preparing children for work or to make our nation economically competitive in international markets. Public education is an important element of democracy, which offers much more to measure what we do in terms of dollars and cents, or the economic performance of our investments. "However, Holcomb (2007)," a growing consensus among policy makers, educators and parents agree that the arts are an integral part of learning, some neighborhoods saw a change of policy at local and state levels. In California, education and arts organizations have worked to achieve an unexpected arts budget, which in theory could ensure arts education in all public schools in the state. The money - 105 million in funding, and only once, 500 million line of materials - are a legacy of the California Teachers Association successfully tested on the financing of education. "Art education has many benefits for students and the world in which we live, and then use our knowledge of the theories that are at our disposal to improve the students knowledge of the world . According to the Indo-European root meaning of art, this was a deliberate process of arrangement. Art can describe several things: a study of the building, through a process of creativity, a product of creativity, or the public's experience creativity. Art is something that a person visually stimulating thoughts, emotions, beliefs and ideas. Art is an expression of an idea - which can take many different forms and purposes. Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember once to time that nothing that is good to know that you can teach. Oscar Wilde reference Armstrong, T. (1994). Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom. Alexandria, VA: Association for supervision and curriculum development studies. Astin, H., & Astin, A. (Eds.) (2000). 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